Amaqela amathathu obungakanani asisiseko
Kukho amaqela amathathu obungakanani obusisiseko beenjini zedizili esekwe kumandla-amancinci, aphakathi, namakhulu.Iinjini ezincinci zinexabiso lemveliso yamandla engaphantsi kwe-16 kilowatts.Olu lolona hlobo lwe-injini ye-diesel eveliswa kakhulu.Ezi njini zisetyenziswa kwiinqwelo-mafutha, kwiilori ezikhaphukhaphu, nakwizinto ezithile zezolimo nezokwakha nanjengeejenereyitha zombane ezincinci ezimileyo (ezifana nezo zisebenza kubugcisa bokuzonwabisa) nanjengokuqhuba ngoomatshini.Ngokuqhelekileyo ziyi-injini e-direct-injection, in-line, ezine okanye ezintandathu ze-cylinder.Uninzi lune-turbocharged ngee-aftercoolers.

Iinjini eziPhakathi zinamandla avela kwi-188 ukuya kwi-750 kilowatts, okanye i-252 ukuya kwi-1,006 yamahashe.Uninzi lwezi njini zisetyenziswa kwiilori ezinzima.Ngokuqhelekileyo ziyi-injection ngqo, e-line, i-silinda-cylinder turbocharged kunye neenjini ezipholileyo.Ezinye ii-injini ze-V-8 kunye ne-V-12 nazo ziko leli qela lobungakanani.

Iinjini ezinkulu zedizili zinemilinganiselo yamandla angaphezu kwama-750 kilowatts.Ezi njini zikhethekileyo zisetyenziselwa usetyenziso lwaselwandle, lwelocomotive, kunye noomatshini kunye nokuvelisa amandla ombane.Kwiimeko ezininzi ziyi-direct-injection, i-turbocharged kunye ne-aftercooled systems.Banokusebenza ngokusezantsi njenge-500 revolutions ngomzuzu xa ukuthembeka kunye nokuqina kubalulekile.

IiNjini ezine-stroke ezimbini kunye nezine
Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, iinjini zedizili ziyilelwe ukuba zisebenze kumjikelo westroke ezimbini okanye ezine.Kwi-injini ye-four-stroke-cycle injini, i-valve yokungena kunye ne-exhaust kunye ne-fuel-injection nozzle ifumaneka kwintloko ye-cylinder (jonga umfanekiso).Amaxesha amaninzi, iivalve ezimbini-ezimbini zokuthatha kunye nezimbini zokukhupha umoya-ziyasetyenziswa.
Ukusetyenziswa komjikelo we-stroke ezimbini kunokuphelisa isidingo sevalvu enye okanye zombini kuyilo lwe-injini.Ukuhlamba kunye nokungenisa umoya ngokuqhelekileyo kubonelelwa ngamachweba kwi-cylinder liner.I-exhaust ingaba ngeevalvu ezikwintloko ye-cylinder okanye ngokusebenzisa izibuko kwi-cylinder liner.Ukwakhiwa kwe-injini kwenziwa lula xa kusetyenziswa uyilo lwezibuko endaweni yokufuna iivalvu zokukhupha.

Amafutha edizili
Iimveliso zepetroleum ezidla ngokusetyenziswa njengamafutha eenjini zedizili ziidistillates ezenziwe ngeehydrocarbons ezinzima, ubuncinane ezine-12 ukuya kwi-16 iiathom zekhabhoni ngemolekyuli nganye.Ezi distillates zinzima zithathwa kwi-oyile ekrwada emva kokuba iindawo eziguquguqukayo ezisetyenziswa kwipetroli zisusiwe.Amanqaku abilayo ezi distillates zinzima ukusuka kwi-177 ukuya kuma-343 °C (351 ukuya kuma-649 °F).Ngoko ke, iqondo lobushushu lazo lokuba ngumphunga liphezulu kakhulu kunolo lwepetroli, eneathom zekhabhoni ezimbalwa ngemolekyuli nganye.

Amanzi kunye nentlenga kumafutha anokuba yingozi ekusebenzeni kwe-injini;amafutha acocekileyo ayimfuneko kwiinkqubo ezisebenzayo zokutofa.Amafutha ane-residu ephezulu yekhabhoni angaphathwa kakuhle ngeenjini zokujikeleza ngesantya esisezantsi.Kuyafana nakwabo banomlotha ophezulu kunye nomxholo wesulfure.Inombolo ye-cetane, echaza umgangatho wokuvutha kwamafutha, imiselwa kusetyenziswa i-ASTM D613 "Indlela yoVavanyo oluQhelekileyo lweNani leCetane le-Oli yeDizili."

Ukuphuhliswa kweenjini zedizili
Umsebenzi wangoko
URudolf Diesel, unonjineli waseJamani, wavelisa ingcamango yenjini ngoku ebizwa ngegama lakhe emva kokuba efune isixhobo sokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwenjini yeOtto (injini yokuqala enemijikelo emine, eyakhiwa ngunonjineli waseJamani wenkulungwane ye-19. Nikolaus Otto).Idizili yaqonda ukuba inkqubo yokutshisa umbane ye-injini yepetroli inokupheliswa ukuba, ngexesha lokunyanzeliswa kwesixhobo se-piston-cylinder, ucinezelo lunokufudumeza umoya kwiqondo lobushushu elingaphezulu kobushushu obuzenzekelayo befutha elinikiweyo.I-Diesel iphakamise umjikelo onjalo kumalungelo akhe omenzi we-1892 kunye no-1893.
Ekuqaleni, ilahle elingumgubo okanye i-petroleum engamanzi yayicetywa njengamafutha.Idizili yabona amalahle omgubo, imveliso evela kwimigodi yamalahle yakwaSaar, njengesibaso esifumaneka lula.Umoya ocinezelweyo wawuza kusetyenziselwa ukungenisa uthuli lwamalahle kumbhobho wenjini;kunjalo, ukulawula izinga naliti yamalahle kwakunzima, kwaye, emva kokuba injini yovavanyo yatshatyalaliswa kugqabhuko-dubulo, iDizili yajika yaba yipetroleum engamanzi.Waqhubeka nokwazisa i-fuel kwi-injini ngomoya oxinanisiweyo.
Injini yokuqala yorhwebo eyakhiwe kumalungelo awodwa omenzi weDiesel yafakwa eSt. Louis, Mo., nguAdolphus Busch, umdidiyeli webhiya owayibonayo kumboniso eMunich waza wathenga ilayisenisi kwiDiesel yokwenza nokuthengisa injini. eUnited States naseKhanada.I-injini yasebenza ngempumelelo iminyaka kwaye yayingumanduleli we-injini yeBusch-Sulzer eyayinika amandla iinkwili ezininzi zoMkhosi Wamanzi wase-US kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Enye injini yedizili eyayisetyenziselwa injongo efanayo yiNelseco, eyakhiwa yiNew London Ship and Engine Company. eGroton, eConn.

I-injini ye-diesel yaba sesona sixhobo siphambili samandla kwiinkwili ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Ayizange iphelele nje ekusetyenzisweni kwepetroli kodwa yangqineka inokuthenjwa phantsi kweemeko zemfazwe.Isibaso se-diesel, esincinci kunepetroli, sasigcinwe ngokukhuselekileyo kwaye siphathwa.
Ekupheleni kwemfazwe amadoda amaninzi awayesebenzisa idizili ayefuna imisebenzi yoxolo.Abavelisi baqala ukulungelelanisa idizili kuqoqosho lwexesha loxolo.Olunye uhlengahlengiso yayikukuphuhliswa kwento ebizwa ngokuba yi-semidiesel eyayisebenza kumjikelo we-stroke kabini kuxinzelelo oluphantsi loxinzelelo kwaye yasebenzisa ibhalbhu eshushu okanye ityhubhu ukutshisa intlawulo yamafutha.Olu tshintsho lubangele ukuba injini ingabizi mali ininzi ukuyilungisa nokuyilungisa.

Itekhnoloji yokutofa amafutha
Olunye uphawu olungathandekiyo lwedizili epheleleyo yayikukufuneka kwe-high-pressure, injection air compressor.Amandla ayimfuneko kuphela ekuqhubeni icompressor yomoya, kodwa isiphumo sokukhenkceza esilibazise ukuvutha kwenzeka xa umoya ocinezelweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-6.9 megapascals (1,000 yeeponti nge-intshi nganye yesikwere), wanda ngequbuliso kwi-cylinder, eyayikuxinzelelo olumalunga ne-3.4 ukuba 4 megapascals (493 ukuba 580 neeponti nganye square intshi).Idizili ibidinga umoya woxinzelelo oluphezulu wokungenisa ngawo amalahle omgubo kwicylinder;xa i-petroleum engamanzi ithatha indawo yelahle elingumgubo njengesibaso, impompo inokwenziwa ithathe indawo yesicinezeli somoya soxinzelelo oluphezulu.

Kwakukho iindlela ezininzi zokusebenzisa impompo.ENgilani iVickers Company yasebenzisa oko kwakubizwa ngokuba yindlela yomzila kaloliwe oqhelekileyo, apho ibhetri yeempompo zagcina amafutha phantsi koxinzelelo kumbhobho ohamba ubude benjini enelothe kumbhobho ngamnye.Ukusuka kulo mzila kaloliwe (okanye umbhobho) wonikezelo lwamafutha, uthotho lweevalvu zesitofu zavuma intlawulo yamafutha kwisilinda ngasinye kwindawo elungileyo kumjikelo wayo.Enye indlela esetyenziswa ijerk esebenza ngecam, okanye uhlobo lweplunger, iimpompo zokuhambisa amafutha phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu okomzuzwana kwivalve yesitofu yesilinda ngasinye ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Ukupheliswa kwesitofu somoya we-compressor yayilinyathelo eliya kwicala elifanelekileyo, kodwa kwakusekho enye ingxaki ekufuneka isonjululwe: i-exhaust ye-injini iqulethe umsi omninzi womsi, nakwizinto eziphuma kakuhle ngaphakathi komlinganiselo wamandla enjini kwaye nangona kukho. umoya owaneleyo kwi-cylinder ukutshisa intlawulo yamafutha ngaphandle kokushiya i-exhaust enemibala edla ngokubonisa ukugcwala.Iinjineli ekugqibeleni zaye zaqaphela ukuba ingxaki yayikukuba isitofu somoya esinamandla okwethutyana esiqhushumbe kwisilinda se-injini siye sasasaza intlawulo ye-fuel ngokufanelekileyo ngakumbi kunokuba imilomo ye-fuel ebambeleyo yakwazi ukuyenza, ngesiphumo sokuba ngaphandle kwesicinezeli somoya i-fuel kwafuneka khangela iiathom zeoksijini ukuze ugqibezele umsebenzi wokutsha, yaye, ekubeni ioksijini isenza ama-20 ekhulwini kuphela omoya, iathom nganye yesibaso yayinethuba elinye kuphela kwezihlanu zokudibana neathom yeoksijini.Umphumo waba kukutshiswa kwepetroli ngendlela engafanelekanga.

Uyilo oluqhelekileyo lwe-fuel-injection nozzle lwazisa i-fuel kwi-cylinder ngendlela yokutshiza i-cone, kunye nomphunga ophuma kwi-nozzle, kunokuba kumlambo okanye i-jet.Kuncinci kakhulu okunokwenziwa ukusasaza isibaso ngokucokisekileyo.Ukuxutywa okuphuculweyo kuye kwafuneka ukuba kuphunyezwe ngokunika intshukumo eyongezelelweyo emoyeni, eyona iqhele ukwenziwa ngokujikeleziswa komoya okanye intshukumo yeradial yomoya, ebizwa squish, okanye zombini, ukusuka kumda ongaphandle wepiston ukuya embindini.Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zisetyenzisiwe ukwenza le swirl kunye nesquish.Iziphumo ezigqwesileyo zifumaneka xa i-wirl yomoya inobudlelwane obuqinisekileyo kunye nezinga lokutofa amafutha.Ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo komoya ngaphakathi kwesilinda kufuna isantya esijikelezayo esibangela ukuba umoya obambekayo uhambe ngokuqhubekayo ukusuka kwesinye isitshizi ukuya kwesinye ngexesha lokutofa, ngaphandle kokuthomalalisa okugqithisileyo phakathi kwemijikelo.